Implementing stroke care in a lower-middle-income country: results and recommendations based on an implementation study within the Nepal Stroke Project.

Background: Globally, the majority of strokes affect people residing in lower- and lower-middle-income countries (LMICs), but translating evidence-based knowledge into clinical practice in regions with limited healthcare resources remains challenging. As an LMIC in South Asia, stroke care has remained a healthcare problem previously unaddressed at a national scale in Nepal. The Nepal Stroke Project (NSP) aims to improve acute stroke care in the tertiary healthcare sector of Nepal. We hereby describe the methods applied and analyze the barriers and facilitators of the NSP after 18 months. Methods: The NSP follows a four-tier strategy: (1) quality improvement by training healthcare professionals in tertiary care centers; (2) implementation of in-hospital stroke surveillance and quality monitoring system; (3) raising public awareness of strokes; and (4) collaborating with political stakeholders to facilitate public funding for stroke care. We performed a qualitative, iterative analysis of observational data to analyze the output indicators and identify best practices. Results: Both offline and online initiatives were undertaken to address quality improvement and public awareness. More than 1,000 healthcare professionals across nine tertiary care hospitals attended 26 stroke-related workshops conducted by Nepalese and international stroke experts. Monthly webinars were organized, and chat groups were made for better networking and cross-institutional case sharing. Social media-based public awareness campaigns reached more than 3 million individuals. Moreover, live events and other mass media campaigns were instituted. For quality monitoring, the Registry of Stroke Care Quality (RES-Q) was introduced. Collaboration with stakeholders (both national and international) has been initiated. Discussion: We identified six actions that may support the development of tertiary care centers into essential stroke centers in a resource-limited setting. We believe that our experiences will contribute to the body of knowledge on translating evidence into practice in LMICs, although the impact of our results must be verified with process indicators of stroke care.

Neuropsychological Assessment of Older Adults in Nepal for Population-Based Dementia Ascertainment: Needs, Challenges, and Opportunities.

The population of Nepal is rapidly aging, as in other low and middle-income countries, and the number of individuals living with Alzheimer's Disease and related dementias (ADRD) is expected to increase. However, information about the neuropsychological assessment of ADRD in Nepal is lacking. We first aimed to examine the needs, challenges, and opportunities associated with the neuropsychological assessment of older adults in Nepal for population-based ADRD ascertainment. Second, we introduce the Chitwan Valley Family Study-Study of Cognition and Aging in Nepal (CVFS-SCAN), which is poised to address these needs, and its collaboration with the Harmonized Cognitive Assessment Protocol (HCAP) international network. We reviewed the existing literature on the prevalence, risk factors, available neuropsychological assessment instruments, and sociocultural factors that may influence the neuropsychological assessment of older adults for ADRD ascertainment in Nepal. Our review revealed no existing population-based data on the prevalence of ADRD in Nepal. Very few studies have utilized formal cognitive assessment instruments for ADRD assessment, and there have been no comprehensive neuropsychological assessment instruments that have been validated for the assessment of ADRD in Nepal. We describe how the CVFS-SCAN study will address this need through careful adaptation of the HCAP instrument. We conclude that the development of culturally appropriate neuropsychological assessment instruments is urgently needed for the population-based assessment of ADRD in Nepal. The CVFS-SCAN is designed to address this need and will contribute to the growth of global and equitable neuropsychology and to the science of ADRD in low- and middle-income countries.

Stroke epidemiology and outcomes of stroke patients in Nepal: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: With an increasing burden of stroke, it is essential to minimize the incidence of stroke and improve stroke care by emphasizing areas that bring out the maximum impact. The care situation remains unclear in the absence of a national stroke care registry and a lack of structured hospital-based data monitoring. We conducted this systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the status of stroke care in Nepal and identify areas that need dedicated improvement in stroke care. METHODS: A systematic literature review was conducted to identify all studies on stroke epidemiology or stroke care published between 2000 and 2020 in Nepal. Data analysis was done with Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) and Comprehensive Meta-analysis (CMA-3). RESULTS: We identified 2533 studies after database searching, and 55 were included in quantitative and narrative synthesis. All analyses were done in tertiary care settings in densely populated central parts of Nepal. Ischemic stroke was more frequent (70.87%) than hemorrhagic (26.79%), and the mean age of stroke patients was 62,9 years. Mortality occurred in 16.9% (13-21.7%), thrombolysis was performed in 2.39% of patients, and no studies described thrombectomy or stroke unit care. CONCLUSION: The provision of stroke care in Nepal needs to catch up to international standards, and our systematic review demonstrated the need to improve access to quality stroke care. Dedicated studies on establishing stroke care units, prevention, rehabilitation, and studies on lower levels of care or remote regions are required.

Are digital social media campaigns the key to raise stroke awareness in low-and middle-income countries? A study of feasibility and cost-effectiveness in Nepal.

BACKGROUND: Stroke is a major global health problem and was the second leading cause of death worldwide in 2020. However, the lack of public stroke awareness especially in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) such as Nepal severely hinders the effective provision of stroke care. Efficient and cost-effective strategies to raise stroke awareness in LMICs are still lacking. This study aims to (a) explore the feasibility of a social media-based stroke awareness campaign in Nepal using a cost-benefit analysis and (b) identify best practices for social media health education campaigns. METHODS: We performed a stroke awareness campaign over a period of 6 months as part of a Stroke Project in Nepal on four social media platforms (Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, TikTok) with organic traffic and paid advertisements. Adapted material based on the World Stroke Day Campaign and specifically created videos for TikTok were used. Performance of the campaign was analyzed with established quantitative social media metrics (impressions, reach, engagement, costs). RESULTS: Campaign posts were displayed 7.5 million times to users in Nepal. 2.5 million individual social media users in Nepal were exposed to the campaign on average three times, which equals 8.6% of Nepal's total population. Of those, 250,000 users actively engaged with the posts. Paid advertisement on Facebook and Instagram proved to be more effective in terms of reach and cost than organic traffic. The total campaign cost was low with a "Cost to reach 1,000 users" of 0.24 EUR and a "Cost Per Click" of 0.01 EUR. DISCUSSION: Social media-based campaigns using paid advertisement provide a feasible and, compared to classical mass medias, a very cost-effective approach to inform large parts of the population about stroke awareness in LMICs. Future research needs to further analyze the impact of social media campaigns on stroke knowledge.

Prevalence of Stroke and Stroke Risk Factors in a South-Western Community of Nepal.

BACKGROUND: Stroke related studies in Nepal are primarily hospital-based and mainly from the capital city. OBJECTIVES: We aimed to estimate the prevalence of stroke and stroke risk factors in the South-Western community of Nepal. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted from May to August 2018 among 549 randomly selected Nepalese participants from diverse ethnicity, aged ≥15 years, in a region with the availability of neurological support facilities. Data were collected using a stroke questionnaire designed for the purpose. Stroke was identified by enumerators using the Balance-Eyes-Face-Arms-Speech-Time (BEFAST) scale, and a senior neurologist confirmed it. We assessed the presence of major risk factors associated with stroke. RESULTS: The crude and age-standardised prevalence of stroke were 2368 and 2967 per 100,000 respectively. Of all the surveyed participants, 61% (n=335) reported consumption of full-fat dairy products >3 days per week, 87.6% (n=481) reported a high intake of salt (>5 g/day), 83.6% (n=459) with a low intake of fruits and vegetables (<400 g/day), 45.2% (n=248) with perceived stress related to work or home, 51.6% (n=283) with financial stress (283, 51.6%), 86.7% (n=457) with low high-density lipoprotein, 96.2% (n=507) with high blood urea nitrogen, 47.1% (n=356) were either overweight or obese 20.4% (n=112) with hypertension and 6.2% (n=34) with diabetes. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of stroke in the community of the South-Western part of Nepal is relatively higher than that estimated in South-Asia and global context. Our findings suggest an urgent community intervention, particularly with healthy lifestyles changes for future stroke prevention in the high-risk group.

Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy associated with brentuximab vedotin therapy: a report of 5 cases from the Southern Network on Adverse Reactions (SONAR) project.

BACKGROUND: Brentuximab vedotin (BV) is an anti-CD30 monoclonal antibody-drug conjugate that was approved in 2011 for the treatment of patients with anaplastic large cell and Hodgkin lymphomas. The product label indicates that 3 patients who were treated with BV developed progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), a frequently fatal JC virus-induced central nervous system infection. Prior immunosuppressive therapy and compromised immune systems were postulated risk factors. In the current study, the authors reported 5 patients who developed BV-associated PML, including 2 immunocompetent patients. METHODS: Case information was obtained from clinicians (4 patients) or a US Food and Drug Administration database (1 patient). RESULTS: All 5 patients had lymphoid malignancies. Two patients with cutaneous T-cell lymphomas had not previously received chemotherapy. PML developed after a median of 3 BV doses (range, 2 doses-6 doses) and within a median of 7 weeks after BV initiation (range, 3 weeks-34 weeks). Presenting findings included aphasia, dysarthria, confusion, hemiparesis, and gait dysfunction; JC virus in the cerebrospinal fluid (2 patients) or central nervous system biopsy (3 patients); and brain magnetic resonance imaging scans with white matter abnormalities (5 patients). Four patients died at a median of 8 weeks (range, 6 weeks-16 weeks) after PML diagnosis. The sole survivor developed immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome. CONCLUSIONS: PML can develop after a few BV doses and within weeks of BV initiation. Clinicians should be aware of this syndrome, particularly when neurologic changes develop after the initiation of BV treatment. The decision to administer BV to patients with indolent cutaneous lymphomas should be based on consideration of risk-benefit profiles and of alternative options.

Status migrainosus as a potential stressor leading to takotsubo cardiomyopathy.

BACKGROUND: Takotsubo cardiomyopathy is a form of non-ischemic cardiomyopathy that may be acutely precipitated by stress. A number of neurologic conditions have been implicated in precipitating this disease such as subarachnoid hemorrhage, stroke, and seizures. Its association with status migrainosus, however, has never been described before. CASE: We report a case of a 25-year-old female presenting with status migrainosus followed by takotsubo cardiomyopathy. Supportive management was instituted in this patient and she made an excellent recovery. CONCLUSION: The intense pain associated with migraine may have acted as a stressor, thereby precipitating takotsubo cardiomyopathy. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case demonstrating a relationship between status migrainosus and takotsubo cardiomyopathy.